因為海所以寬

phos·pha·tase [ fósfə tàyss, fósfə tàyz ] (phos·pha·tas·es)
noun 
 
Definition: 
enzyme acting on phosphoric acid: an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters and the transfer of phosphate groups

磷脂酶 可將磷脂分解成脂肪酸 ，鹼性磷酶(alkaline phosphatase)，舉凡在鹼性的環境下，催化水解有機磷脂的酶，全都叫做鹼性磷酶。

引起蛋白質磷酸化的酵素為激酶(kinase),去磷酸化的酵素則為磷酸鹽酶(phosphatase)

Phosphorus availability may be the most limiting factor to plant growth in many terrestrial ecosystems
(Attiwill and Adams, 1993; Chapin et al., 1994). It is at marginal or limiting amounts in pinyon±juniper eco-
systems dominated by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little) (Tiedemann, 1987). Much of the
plant demand for phosphorus is met by cycling of phosphorus in organic matter (Attiwill, 1980; Attiwill
and Adams, 1993). Since plants utilize only inorganic phosphorus (Stevenson, 1986), organic phosphorus
compounds must ®rst be hydrolyzed by phosphatases which mostly originate from plant roots, fungi and soil
microorganisms. Phosphatases measured in soils re¯ect the activity of enzymes bound to soil colloids and humic substances, free phosphatases in the soil solution, and phosphatases associated with living and dead plant or microbial cells (Skujins, 1976; Nannipieri et al., 1990).
Phosphatase enzymes can be a good indicator of the organic phosphorus mineralization potential and bio-
logical activity of soils (Speir and Ross, 1978; Dick and Tabatabei, 1993). Phosphatase activity is related
to soil and vegetation conditions (Ho, 1979; Herbien and Neal, 1990), responds to changes in management
(Adams, 1992; Clarholm, 1993), and can be related to seasonal changes in soil temperature and moisture
(Harrison, 1983; Dormaar et al., 1984; Speir and Cowling, 1991). However, much of the phosphatase
research is based on a single sampling date and ignores 
the dynamics of phosphatase relative to other soil factors over time.

Attiwill, P.M., Adams, M.A., 1993. Nutrient cycling in forests. New
Phytologist 124, 561±582.
Chapin III, F.S., Walker, L.R., Fastie, C.L., Sharman, L.C., 1994.
Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at
Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64, 149±175.
Tiedemann, A.R., 1987. Nutrient accumulations in pinyon±juniper
ecosystems: managing for future site productivity. In: Everett,
R.L. (Ed.), Proceedings Ð Pinyon±Juniper Conference, Reno,
NV, January 13±16, 1986. United States Department of
Agriculture Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station,
Ogden, pp. 352±356 (General Technical Report INT-215).
Attiwill, P.M., 1980. Nutrient cycling in a Eucalyptus obliqua
(L'Herit.) forest. IV. Nutrient uptake and nutrient return.
Australian Journal of Botany 28, 199±222.
Stevenson, J.J., 1986. Cycles of soil: C, N, P, S, Micronutrients.
John Wiley, New York.
Skujins, J., 1976. Extracellular enzymes in soil. CRC Critical
Reviews in Microbiology 4, 383±421.
Nannipieri, P., Grego, S., Ceccanti, B., 1990. Ecological signi®cance
of the biological activity in soil. In: Bollag, J.M., Stotzky, G.
(Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, vol.6. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.
293±355.
Speir, T.W., Ross, D.J., 1978. Soil phosphatase and sulphatase. In:
Burns, R.G. (Ed.), Soil Enzymes. Academic Press, London, pp.
197±215.
Dick, W.A., Tabatabai, M.A., 1993. Signi®cance and potential uses
of soil enzymes. In: Metting, F.B. (Ed.), Soil Microbial Ecology:
Application in Agricultural and Environmental Management.
Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 95±125.
Ho, I., 1979. Acid phosphatase activity in forest soil. Forest Science
25, 567±568.

Herbien, S.A., Neal, J.L., 1990. Soil pH and phosphatase activity.
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 21, 439±456.




References
Adams, M.A., 1992. Phosphatase activity and phosphorus fractions
in Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forest soils. Biology
and Fertility of Soils 14, 200±204.
Attiwill, P.M., 1980. Nutrient cycling in a Eucalyptus obliqua
(L'Herit.) forest. IV. Nutrient uptake and nutrient return.
Australian Journal of Botany 28, 199±222.
Attiwill, P.M., Adams, M.A., 1993. Nutrient cycling in forests. New
Phytologist 124, 561±582.
Barth, R.C., Klemmedson, J.O., 1978. Shrub-induced spatial patterns
of dry matter, nitrogen and organic carbon. Soil Science Society
of America Journal 42, 804±809.
Chapin III, F.S., Walker, L.R., Fastie, C.L., Sharman, L.C., 1994.
Mechanisms of primary succession following deglaciation at
Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 64, 149±175.
Clarholm, M., 1993. Microbial biomass P, labile P and acid phos-
phatase activity in the humus layer of a spruce forest, after
repeated additions of fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils 16,
287±292.
Cook, R.J., Papendick, R.I., 1970. Soil water potential as a factor in
the ecology of Fusarium roseum L. sp. cerealis ``Culmorum''.
Plant and Soil 32, 131±145.
Dick, W.A., Tabatabai, M.A., 1993. Signi®cance and potential uses
of soil enzymes. In: Metting, F.B. (Ed.), Soil Microbial Ecology:
Application in Agricultural and Environmental Management.
Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 95±125.
Dinkelaker, B., Marschner, H., 1992. In vivo demonstration of acid
phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of soil-grown plants.
Plant and Soil 144, 199±205.
Dormaar, J.F., Johnston, A., Smoliak, A., 1984. Seasonal changes in
carbon content, and dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease ac-
tivities in mixed prairie and fescue grassland Ah horizons. Journal
of Range Management 37, 31±35.
Eivazi, F., Tabatabai, M.A., 1977. Phosphatases in soils. Soil
Biology & Biochemistry 9, 67±172.
Evans, R.D., Ehleringer, J.R., 1994. Water and nitrogen dynamics in
an arid woodland. Oecologia 99, 233±242.
Freeman, M.F., Tukey, J.W., 1950. Transformations related to the
angular and the square root. Annals of Mathematical Statistics
21, 607±611.
Fresquez, P.R., 1990. Fungi associated with soils collected beneath
and between pinyon and juniper canopies in New Mexico. Great
Basin Naturalist 50, 167±172.
Garner, W., Steinberger, Y., 1989. A proposed mechanism for the
formation of ``fertile islands'' in desert ecosystems. Journal of
Arid Environments 16, 257±262.
Grin, D.M., 1980. Water potential as a selective factor in the mi-
crobial ecology of soils. In: Elliott, L.F., Gardner, W.R., Parr,
J.F. (Eds.), Water Potential Relations in Soil Microbiology. Soil
Science Society of America, Madison, pp. 141±151.
Harrison, A.F., 1983. Relationship between intensity of phosphatase
activity and physico-chemical properties in woodland soils. Soil
Biology & Biochemistry 15, 93±99.
Haynes, R.J., 1987. The use of polyethylene mulches to change soil
microclimate as revealed by enzyme activity and biomass nitro-
gen, sulphur and phosphorus. Biology and Fertility of Soils 5,
235±240.
Herbien, S.A., Neal, J.L., 1990. Soil pH and phosphatase activity.
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 21, 439±456.
Hedley, M.J., Stewart, J.W.B., Chauhan, B.S., 1982. Changes in
inorganic soil phosphorus fractions induced by cultivation prac-
tices and by laboratory incubations. Soil Science Society of
America Journal 46, 970±976.
Ho, I., 1979. Acid phosphatase activity in forest soil. Forest Science
25, 567±568.
Khaziyev, F.Kh., 1977. Dynamics of enzymic activity in the
Chernozems of the Cis-Ural region. Soviet Soil Science 1977,
552±563.
Killham, K., 1994. Soil Ecology. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK.
Klute, A. (Ed.), 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and
Mineralogical Methods. Soil Science Society of America,
Madison.
KraÈ mer, S., 1997. Biogeochemistry of soil phosphorus. Ph.D. thesis,
Arizona State University, Tempe.
KraÈ mer, S., Miller, P.M., Eddleman, L.E., 1996. Root system mor-
phology and development of seedling and juvenile Juniperus occi-
dentalis. Forest Ecology and Management 86, 229±240.
MINITAB, 1994. MINITAB Reference Manual Release 10 for
Windows. State College, PA.
Murphy, J., Riley, J.P., 1962. A modi®ed single solution method for
the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica
Chimica Acta 27, 31±36.
Nakas, J.P., Gould, W.D., Klein, D.A., 1987. Origin and expression
of phosphatase activity in a semi-arid grassland soil. Soil Biology
& Biochemistry 19, 13±18.
Nannipieri, P., Grego, S., Ceccanti, B., 1990. Ecological signi®cance
of the biological activity in soil. In: Bollag, J.M., Stotzky, G.
(Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, vol.6. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.
293±355.
NOAA, 1993. Climatological Data Annual Summary Arizona.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National
Climatic Data Center, Asheville.
NOAA, 1994. Climatological Data Annual Summary Arizona.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National
Climatic Data Center, Asheville.
Padien, D.J., Lajtha, K., 1992. Plant spatial pattern and nutrient dis-
tribution in pinyon±juniper woodlands along an elevational gradi-
ent in northern New Mexico. International Journal of Plant
Science 153, 425±433.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (Eds.), 1982. Methods of
Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties.
Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
Petersen, R.G., 1985. Design and analysis of experiments. Marcel
Dekker, New York.
Pettit, N.M., Gregory, L.J., Freeman, R.B., Burns, R.G., 1977.
Dierential stabilities of soil enzymes: assay and properties of
phosphatase and arylsulphatase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
485, 357±366.
Reeve, M.J., Carter, A.D., 1991. Water release characteristics. In:
Smith, K.A., Mullins, C.E. (Eds.), Soil analysis: physical
methods. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 111±160.
Ross, D.J., Speir, T.W., Kettles, H.A., Mackay, A.D., 1995. Soil mi-
crobial biomass, C and N mineralization and enzyme activities in
a hill pasture: in¯uence of season and slow-release P and S fertili-
zer. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 27, 1431±1443.
Roundy, B.A., Young, J.A., Clu, G.J., Evans, R.A., 1983.
Measurement of soil water on rangelands. US Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARR-W-31).
Rowland, A.P., Grimshaw, H.W., 1985. A wet oxidation procedure
suitable for total nitrogen and phosphorus in soil.
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 16, 551±560.
S. KraÈmer, D.M. Green / Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32 (2000) 179±188 187
Speir, T.W., Cowling, J.C., 1991. Phosphatase activities of pasture
plants and soils: relationship with plant productivity and soil P
fertility indices. Biology and Fertility of Soils 12, 189±194.
Speir, T.W., Ross, D.J., 1978. Soil phosphatase and sulphatase. In:
Burns, R.G. (Ed.), Soil Enzymes. Academic Press, London, pp.
197±215.